SS-31 10mg
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SS-31, also known as Elamipretide, is a synthetic peptide specifically designed to target and improve mitochondrial function, particularly in conditions where mitochondrial dysfunction is a contributing factor to disease. The peptide is notable for its ability to penetrate the inner mitochondrial membrane and has been shown to enhance
mitochondrial dynamics, reduce oxidative stress, and improve energy metabolism. By optimizing mitochondrial function, SS-31 shows potential for a wide array of applications, including in the context of neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular health, and metabolic disorders. It is of particular interest in research focused on diseases associated with aging and mitochondrial dysfunction.
SS-31: A Comprehensive Overview for Biology and Medical
Researchers
What is SS-31?
SS-31, also known as Elamipretide, is a synthetic peptide specifically designed to target and improve mitochondrial function, particularly in conditions where mitochondrial dysfunction is a contributing factor to disease. The peptide is notable for its ability to penetrate the inner mitochondrial membrane and has been shown to enhance mitochondrial dynamics, reduce oxidative stress, and improve energy metabolism. By optimizing mitochondrial function, SS-31 shows potential for a wide array of applications, including in the context of neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular health, and metabolic disorders. It is of particular interest in research focused on diseases associated with aging and mitochondrial dysfunction.
Chemical Structure and Properties
SS-31 is a short, cyclic peptide characterized by specific modifications that allow it to efficiently target the mitochondria. These chemical properties facilitate its biological activity.
- Amino Acid Sequence: D-Arg-2,6-Dimethyltyrosine-Lys-Phe-Phe
- Chemical Modifications: Incorporates D-amino acids (D-Arg and D-Tyr) to improve stability and
resistance to enzymatic degradation compared to L-amino acids. - Contains 2,6-dimethyltyrosine, which enhances hydrophobicity and promotes interaction with mitochondrial membranes.
- Molecular Formula: C₁₆H₂₂N₂O₃
- Molecular Weight: Approximately 318.37 g/mol
- CAS Number: 860722-61-9
These structural characteristics make SS-31 a potent compound for mitochondrial research and related disease studies.
SS-31 Research
Research on SS-31 has primarily focused on its ability to improve mitochondrial function
and combat oxidative stress. Key areas of investigation include:
1. Mitochondrial Protection and Antioxidant Activity: SS-31 has been shown to stabilize mitochondrial membranes and reduce oxidative damage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS). This effect is
essential in the context of diseases such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and various cardiovascular conditions (Szeto et al., 2010).
2. Neuroprotective Effects:
In preclinical models of neurodegeneration, SS-31 has demonstrated the capacity to enhance mitochondrial function, slow the progression of neurodegenerative diseases, and restore cellular energy balance, suggesting possible therapeutic avenues for conditions like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease (Huang et al., 2018)
3. Cardiovascular Health:
Cited research indicates that SS-31 may mitigate mitochondrial dysfunction associated with heart failure and ischemia. By improving mitochondrial energy production, SS-31 may enhance cardiac function and reduce damage following ischemic events (Kenny et al., 2013).
4. Metabolic Research:
SS-31 has been investigated for its role in addressing mitochondrial dysfunction in metabolic diseases, with the potential to improve energy balance and insulin sensitivity, contributing to obesity and diabetes management (Tian et al., 2016).
Future Research Directions
Future studies focusing on SS-31 are expected to explore multiple areas, including:
1. Long-Term Efficacy and Safety:
Understanding the long-term effects of SS-31 administration, particularly in chronic conditions related to mitochondrial dysfunction, and evaluating its safety profile.
2. Mechanisms of Action:
Elucidating the precise molecular mechanisms by which SS-31 interacts with mitochondria, including its effects on energy production, oxidative stress regulation, and mitochondrial dynamics.
3. Combination Therapies:
Investigating the effects of SS-31 when used in conjunction with other therapeutic agents targeting different pathways, such as inflammation or apoptosis, to achieve synergistic health benefits.
4. Clinical Trials and Applications:
Ongoing clinical trials aim to evaluate the therapeutic potential of SS-31 for human use in treating mitochondrial diseases, improving muscle performance, cognitive function, and enhancing overall longevity.
Scientific References and Further Reading
1. Szeto, H. H., et al. (2010). Elamipretide, a novel mitochondria-targeted peptide,
improves mitochondrial function in vivo. Journal of Clinical Investigation.
https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI42122
2. Huang, M., et al. (2018). Neuroprotective effects of SS-31 in Alzheimers
disease models. Journal of Neurochemistry. https://doi.org/10.1111/jnc.14232
3. Kenny, D., et al. (2013). Mitochondria-targeted peptides and their potential
applications in cardiovascular diseases. Circulation Research. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.113.